https://www.agriscigroup.us/journals/annals-of-environmental-science-and-toxicology A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 16 Dec, 2025 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-9-191.php Data arising from the early history of the Earth demonstrates how iodine contributed to the development of life and how iodine deficiency may have led to the disappearance of our Neanderthal predecessors. In modern times, problems such as the incidence of endemic cretinism (severe hypothyroidism) and goitre (thyroid enlargement) associated with iodine deficiency were recognised and continue to be addressed with varying success by dietary iodine supplementation. Volatile iodine compounds released from the marine environment make an important contribution to diminishing pollutant ozone, with increases in global volatile iodine influencing climate change. The prospect that current pollutants induced global warming may significantly extend the present interglacial period suggests that increased global iodine may persist. The consequences for thyroidal health and human development of a new iodine-replete earth are unknown. It appears that iodine, in addition to helping shape our world, continues to have the potential to significantly influence all our futures. 01 Nov, 2025 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-9-190.php Carica papaya L. (Pawpaw) is one of the most commonly cultivated fruits in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in Nigeria. Nutritionally, Carica papaya is known to be highly nutritious. The effect of ripening on the antioxidant activity and phytochemical constituents (such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and tannins) of aqueous extract of two cultivars of Carica papaya (Local pawpaw and Agric pawpaw) was determined in this study. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay was used to determine antioxidant activity, expressed as % DPPH scavenging activity. % DPPH scavenging activity significantly increased (p &lt; 0.01) in both Carica papaya cultivars during ripening, with the overripe stage of both cultivars (Local pawpaw and Agric pawpaw) having the highest % DPPH scavenging activity. Phytochemical constituent analysis in Local pawpaw showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins increased during ripening, with the overripe cultivar having the highest amount, while tannins decreased during ripening, with the unripe having the highest amount. Agric pawpaw showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins increased during ripening, with the overripe cultivar having the highest amount, while tannins and phenols decreased during ripening, with the unripe cultivar having the highest amount. This result showed the important role of ripening stages in increasing the antioxidant activity of Carica papaya. 12 Sep, 2025 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-9-189.php This study investigates the spatial distribution of solid waste dumpsites and their associated health and environmental impacts in Offa Local Government Area (LGA), Kwara State, Nigeria. Utilizing geospatial mapping, a total of 27 major dumpsites were identified and analyzed for their proximity to residential areas and sensitive ecological zones. Nearest neighbor analysis revealed a random but clustered distribution pattern, with higher concentrations in densely populated areas such as Owode, Rail Station, and Obada. Health data collected from residents showed a high prevalence of malaria (32.7%), typhoid (27.9%), and diarrheal diseases (24.8%), indicating a strong association between proximity to dumpsites and disease incidence. Laboratory analysis of water samples revealed total coliform counts (1.5 × 10³ cfu/mL) exceeding permissible limits and confirming microbial contamination linked to reported illnesses. Soil analysis showed elevated phosphorus (368.01 ppm) and lead (0.82 mg/kg), surpassing safety thresholds and posing significant environmental and health risks, especially for children. Microbial isolates such as Bacillus spp., Candida spp., and Aspergillus candidus further underscored the potential for pathogenic exposure. Public perception surveys aligned with empirical findings, as most residents reported increased health risks due to nearby dumpsites. The study emphasizes the need to implement sustainable waste management strategies, stricter environmental regulations, improved public health infrastructure, and community education to mitigate environmental degradation and health hazards in Offa LGA. 26 Jul, 2025 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-9-188.php Plastic particles, often referred to as microplastics, are less than 5 mm in diameter, and have become an inescapable and highly pervasive threat across freshwater environments. Their occurrence in the water, sediments and biological structures in water are a major ecological and biological concern. The current review has conducted a systematic analysis of their sources, spatial distributions, and effects on environment considering especially their occurrence in the water bodies, sediments, and aquatic invertebrates. Routes of entry are urban runoff, wastewater effluent, and agricultural operations and the review discusses the effect of the characteristics of particles on the environment and bioavailability. Considering their importance in food webs and ecosystem activity, aquatic insects are getting more recognition to detect microplastic pollution as bioindicators, which is due to their tendency to ingest and accumulate particles. Existing methods of detection are discussed, as well as limitations in the methods of such a study that cannot make results comparable in different studies. There are also noted gaps in knowledge, the lack of sufficient research in low- and middle-income countries and the need to develop standardized monitoring procedures. To understand the fate and effect of microplastic in freshwater compartments leading to the implementation of effective management strategies is important. Therefore, the review highlights the need for integrated scientific and policy programs aimed at reducing microplastic pollution and maintaining freshwater biodiversity. 05 Jun, 2025 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-9-187.php Papermaking black liquor contains Na2CO3, which can corrode refractory materials and cause economic losses. It is considered to introduce CaO and MgO alkaline oxides into Al2O3 to prepare calcium magnesium aluminum composite oxides as a substitute for Al2O3 as corrosion shell materials. Using the FactSage material balance module, the optimal ratio of CaO-MgO-Al2O3 was calculated, and it was found that the Gibbs free energy of C2M2A14 reacting with Na2CO3 at 800-1200 ℃ was positive. C2M2A14 was selected as the optimal ratio of calcium-magnesium aluminum composite oxide to resist Na2CO3. 19 Apr, 2025 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-9-186.php Flora biodiversity plays a critical role in sustaining ecosystems, yet anthropogenic activities continue to threaten its existence. This study examines the effects of socioeconomic activities such as logging, farming, and hunting on flora biodiversity in Gashaka Local Government Area of Taraba State. The study employed a combination of descriptive statistics, time-series analysis, and regression modeling to assess biodiversity loss between 2013 and 2023. Findings reveal a significant decline in vegetation cover from 73.50% to 68.40%, accompanied by an increase in bare land. Relative Importance Index (RII) analysis identified poverty, population increase, weak conservation laws, and climate change as primary drivers of biodiversity loss. The study recommends enhanced environmental education, enforcement of conservation laws, and the promotion of alternative livelihoods to mitigate further loss of flora biodiversity. 15 Apr, 2025 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-9-185.php A naturally occurring mineral with a distinctive crystalline structure, zeolite has important uses in both industrial and medical settings. Its main applications in the oil and gas sector are gas filtration, wastewater treatment, oil spill cleaning, and refining process catalysis. Zeolite is useful for resource optimization and environmental protection because of its capacity to soak up pollutants and heavy metals. Zeolite is well-known in the medical field for its detoxifying qualities, especially its capacity to bind and eliminate toxic compounds from the body. Recently, a liquid version called liquid Zeolite was introduced, which improves absorption and bioavailability for detoxification. Furthermore, the addition of fulvic acid to zeolite has shown promise in enhancing detoxification and promoting general health. In health applications, the focus on liquid zeolite for systemic detoxification (rather than just gastrointestinal binding) is a new direction in research. Unlike previous works that primarily highlight zeolite’s benefits, this study critically evaluates limitations and provides practical recommendations for safer and more effective use in industrial and medical settings. 11 Apr, 2025 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-9-184.php Pyroelectric materials that can generate electric charges when subjected to temperature changes dependent on renewable energy . Conventional pyroelectric energy harvesters suffer from low output. In this study, a nanocomposite was generated with crystalline elastomer (CrEl) and pyroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PbZrT) nanoparticles. As a result, a heat harvesting device with high output was generated. The overall pyroelectricity is enhanced by the secondary pyroelectricity generated from the thermal stress imposed on the CrEl. The monodomain CrEl/ PbZrT NCs with enhanced energy production. The monodomain CrEl/ PbZrT NCs film with a PbZrT ratio of 3.2 wt % exhibited a current of 2.99 nA and a voltage of 6.99 V. This energy harvester can charge capacitors and power electronic devices. 05 Apr, 2025 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-9-183.php The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the tourist flow in the territory of Kyrgyzstan, amid socio-political and economic uncertainty , and the study of preventive measures to preserve resources. Its relevance related to the pace of development of this industry in the territory under consideration, which depends on its geographical location, features of external components, acting as factors of attractiveness of vacationers and in the future can negatively affect the preservation of this territory. Identified the main consumers of tourism products in Kyrgyzstan, these include neighboring countries . The number of recreants increases with the development of educational tourism, attracting people from China, India, Pakistan, etc. countries - the main consumers of tourism services. Field studies involved direct landscape measurements and theoretical justification of the recreational opportunities of the middle zone of the region, which is the most attractive for tourism development. For the development of this sector, taken into account such factors as the sustainability of ecosystems. Have been conducted field studies for various types of landscapes in mountainous areas, taking into account the structure of its territory, slopes, weather conditions that affect the degree of degradation, which affects tourism and recreation. Established standards for specific types of landscapes, which substantiated by natural measurements in specific areas. Methods for calculating the one-time capacity of the studied territory are proposed . 14 Dec, 2024 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-8-182.php In most countries, energy resources and electricity generation have become the engine of economic growth. This study analyses effective and sustainable energy transition pathways and supply and highlights the commitments of the 2015 Paris Agreement by the United States of America in combating the challenges of global warming. The transition pathways are designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and advance worldwide temperature to a 1.5 °C average. Again, justifiable transition pathways mostly include energy savings on the demand side, generation efficiency, and fossil fuel substitution by various renewable energy sources and low-carbon nuclear. Renewable energy conversion approach to constantly remain precise strategic and beneficial, policy initiatives are necessary to steer the global electricity transition toward a sustainable energy and electricity scheme. In furtherance, the estimation of electricity output in emerging and industrialized economies, output, and demand projections affect economic planning and decision-making. Electricity generation and consumption impact the rate of technological advancement, GDP growth, industrialization, and infrastructural development. Most macroeconomic variables are reliant on sustainable electricity, including GDP, population, gross capital formation, and CO2 emissions. The electricity market therefore influences these macroeconomic variables. The relationship between the consumption of electricity and the emission of CO2 depends on the sources of electric energy generation. Electricity produced from renewable and sustainable sources emits virtually zero greenhouse gases. In terms of GDP and the formation of total capital, increasing the use of electricity leads to a positive effect. In addition, population growth requires the production of more electricity to satisfy the marginal demand resulting from population expansion. 06 Dec, 2024 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-8-181.php In the rich tapestry of India’s environmental movements, the threads of indigenous advocacy are woven intricately, embodying centuries-old connections between land, culture, and sustainability. As we embark on this exploration of environmental activism in India, it is imperative to acknowledge the profound role that indigenous communities have played in shaping the country’s conservation narrative. From the verdant forests of the Western Ghats to the arid landscapes of Rajasthan, indigenous peoples have been stewards of the land, safeguarding its biodiversity and ecological balance for generations. Their intimate relationship with nature, rooted in traditional knowledge and spiritual reverence, forms the bedrock of environmental activism in India. This comprehensive paper provides a detailed exploration of the historical evolution, ideological foundations, and transformative impacts of environmental movements in India. By scrutinizing seminal movements such as the Chipko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, and the Appikko Movement, it elucidates diverse strategies, mobilization tactics, and overarching objectives. From Gandhian principles of non-violence to Marxist critiques of capitalist exploitation, the paper navigates through ideological underpinnings, revealing the rich tapestry that has shaped India’s environmental activism landscape. Furthermore, it dissects tangible outcomes and legislative achievements, including landmark environmental laws and the establishment of protected areas. Amidst successes, the paper critically examines contemporary challenges faced by environmental movements, such as conflicts between conservation and development, indigenous marginalization, corporate influence, climate change, and misinformation. Through nuanced analysis, it offers valuable insights into the complex dynamics of environmental activism in India, underscoring its pivotal role in sustainable development. 30 Oct, 2024 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-8-180.php The multidisciplinary approach of geoscientific research in the academic setting underscores the increasing necessity of integrating diverse fields of knowledge to tackle complex interconnected issues. This multidisciplinary field seeks to uncover the complex operations of the Earth, encompassing the analysis of its past movements of tectonic plates, historical climates, and valuable natural resources like minerals and hydrocarbons. In this context, geospatial intelligence plays a crucial role by enabling the effective analysis and interpretation of extensive geographic datasets, thus enhancing our understanding of environmental dynamics. Nevertheless, advancements in technology, globalization, and the difficulties posed by environmental and climatic transformations demand an even more profound collaboration among various disciplines, facilitating an expansive viewpoint and yielding more holistic solutions to contemporary predicaments. 28 Sep, 2024 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-8-179.php The day-to-day activities carried out at the mechanic workshop like panel beating, welding, and automobile battery servicing may result in high amounts of heavy metals in the soil near mechanic workshops. Spent engine oils also emit a huge number of toxic metals, when disposed of on the floor at workshops, they settle on soil and are absorbed into nearby trees and plants. Therefore, making the tree parts and fruits at mechanic workshops prone to attack by heavy metals. This work is focused on testing if the presence of heavy metals would have adverse effects on the tree parts (roots, shoots, upper leaves, lower leaves) and fruits of mechanic workshops. A mechanic village in Abeokuta, Ogun State was chosen as the case study. The tree parts were oven-dried, ground, digested, and taken for analysis using AAS. Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), and Mercury (Hg) were found in higher amounts than the recommended allowable limits by WHO/FAO. Results show that the upper bark had the highest heavy metal concentration. In general, the tested heavy metals were recognized in the order: Zinc (Zn) > Lead (Pb) > Mercury (Hg) > Nickel (Ni) > Manganese (Mn) > Iron (Fe) > Copper (Cu). It is recommended that mechanic villages should be sited far from residential areas. Remediation of polluted soil should be encouraged. Phytoremediation was suggested to be the best method for reducing the concentration of heavy metal in the soils and tree parts at mechanic workshops. Continuous education and training should be provided for automobile repairers/ mechanics, emphasizing the environmental implications of their poor occupational waste management and the dangers of eating fruits and taking herbs from trees planted in workshops. 25 Jun, 2024 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-8-178.php A new generalized procedure previously introduced and justified by the authors, based on the simultaneous integration of the macroscopic and microscopic differential mass balances by introducing the concept of separation units as an extension of the transfer unit concept was applied here to sedimentation. This similarity leads to a broader analogy with basic transfer and transformation unit operations, at this step focused on the formulation and contrast of a generalized form of the so-called design or sizing equation. This model is comparatively applied under restricted flow Conditions-Vertical Flow Settlers (CSTS) - with the classical methods and extended to the design of horizontal flow settlers (PFS). That opens the door to the sizing of settlers and thickeners in the presence of deviations from these ideal flow models and with other operating configurations. Such a contribution to a desirable generalization and homologation is according to Chemical Engineering methodology specifically in the frequently empirical or casuistic treatment of unit operations with particulate solids. 24 Jun, 2024 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-8-177.php The histogram and frequency table are fundamental tools for describing continuous variables or discrete variables with many values. Most statistical programs are not flexible, nor do they explicitly state the rules they use to construct histograms or provide guidelines for constructing interval tables. However, by programming or applying the appropriate procedures, this can be achieved with Excel, MATLAB, and R. The objective of this methodological article is to provide a script for the R program to calculate the number and width of class intervals using eight rules that provide a uniform width (four depending on the sample size and four based on optimal width). The script automates the selection of the rule to produce an interval table and a histogram with overlaid density and normal curves. Additionally, symmetry is assessed using the D’Agostino test, mesokurtosis with the Anscombe-Glynn test, and normality with the Lilliefors, Anderson-Darling, and Shapiro-Francia tests. Furthermore, three rules are calculated that provide variable width: one for samples of 25 to 39 data points (multiple of 5) and two for samples of at least 40 data points (Mann-Wald and Moore). Once one of these three rules is chosen, it is applied to the normality check using the likelihood ratio test. Additionally, an optimal histogram provided by R from its basic library is computed. The script is applied to two examples and is adapted to the small samples (&lt; 25 data points) in a third example. It is concluded that this script can be of practical and didactic use. 21 May, 2024 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-8-176.php The article addresses determining the concentration of six chemical elements: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soils of the southern slope of the Jaworzyna Krynicka mountain in the Beskid Mountains. The research consisted of determining the diversity of metal content in soil samples taken at different altitudes (500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, and 1100 m MSL). The test results indicated low soil contamination in the selected area, particularly for the altitudes of 500 and 900 m MSL. For these altitudes, the content of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn was similar to the concentration of these metals in uncontaminated soils. In the conducted research, very low Cd content was found for all absolute altitudes. The chemical element of metal whose content in the soils under study was the highest and exceeded natural values was Zn. All tested metals showed a common trend of increasing content in the soils up to 800 m MSL. 02 Mar, 2024 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-8-175.php Over the last 30 years, the study of biomarkers has experienced significant growth. Biomarkers serve as essential tools in monitoring toxicology and risk assessment of environmental pollutants by providing early and specific endpoints. This expansion in the field has enabled researchers to better understand the impact of various environmental pollutants on living organisms and ecosystems. By utilizing biomarkers, scientists can assess the potential risks posed by these pollutants and develop effective strategies for environmental protection and preservation. This article briefly reviews some of the aspects in an attempt to give an overall view of the field. Some of the new developments, particularly in relation to biomarkers of exposure and response, are mentioned. 09 Jan, 2024 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-8-174.php Two experiments were conducted at Chalan Beel (Experiment-1: Sirajgonj) and at Monglar Beel (Experiment-2: Faridpur) to improve the rice-based cropping system in the lowlands during 2021 - 2022. 29 Dec, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-173.php Cover crops combined with biological agents constitute a promising alternative to improve soil health and contribute to the environmental sustainability of agricultural systems, for which a search has been carried out whose objective was to carry out a critical analysis of the existing literature on agents, bioremediation with cover crops for sustainable agriculture. In exploratory non-experimental research, a content analysis of scientific articles identified in the Web of Science databases and through Google Scholar was carried out. It was investigated starting in 2012 for a period of 10 years regarding the type of documents, field of thematic area, number of publications per year, and leading countries. Of the types of documents analyzed, 58 works corresponding to scientific articles were selected, of which, most of them located in the area of microbiology, whose set of results shows that the highest number of publications was reached in 2021, with 31 %. For the countries that publish the most on the subject, the People’s Republic of China is leading with 57%. These numbers plot the publication outlook for the topic based on the selected keywords; and reflect a continuous increase in published works on the implementation of this production technique to provide solutions based on sustainability, safety, and food security. However, studies are required that make it possible to strengthen management systems in order to increase their reliability and performance in producers. 15 Dec, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-172.php Lindane or gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane is a chloro-organic insecticide marketed since 1938. The demonstration of significant toxic effects for humans, including neurological, hepatic, hematological, and carcinogenic effects, led to its ban. Since 2000, the use of lindane has declined, but attention to the possible effects on public health must remain high, given the bio persistence of the toxicant. The purpose and aim of this study were to recapitulate the effects that lindane may have on humans, based on a review of the literature. The results indicate that, despite the many years that have passed since the demonstration of the toxic effects of lindane, the high persistence and accumulation of the substance in ecosystems, make it even possible that it plays a role in the genesis of chronic degenerative diseases. The connection between human, animal, and ecosystem health which is contained according to the World Health Organization in the “One Health” model, urges us not to slow down our vigilance on these substances. 17 Oct, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-171.php The present work aims to analyze sustainability aspects related to the use of lockers, collection points, and other forms of fixed points, by transporters and consumers, in the last mile of cargo transportation, as an alternative to home delivery. For this purpose, a literature review was performed. Three distinct platforms were researched using strings in three different languages, Portuguese, English, and Spanish. From these databases, 31 articles were selected, all of them according to the subject studied. The papers highlighted the advantages of this type of delivery, embracing not only the environmental gains but also the economic and social ones, such as the reduction of traffic congestion and an overall lower operational cost. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric pollutants are shown in 23 papers; lower operating costs for transporters in 26 papers, while 23 articles address congestion reduction. The biggest challenge identified is the distance traveled by clients/pedestrians, cited 21 times. 31 Aug, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-170.php Currently in Ethiopia, pollution and environmental damage brought on by waste increased along with industrialization, urbanization, and global population levels. Waste sorting, which is still done improperly from the household level to the final disposal site, is a prevalent issue. Real-time and accurate waste detection in image and video data is a crucial and difficult task in the intelligent waste management system. Accurately locating and classifying these wastes is challenging, particularly when there are various types of waste present. So, a single-stage YOLOv4-waste deep neural network model is proposed. In this study, a deep learning algorithm for object detection using YOLOv4 and YOLOv4-tiny is trained and evaluated. A total of 3529 waste images are divided into 7 classes, which include, cardboard, glass, metal, organic, paper, plastic, and trash. Each model uses three various inputs throughout the testing phase, including input images, videos, and webcams. Experiments with hyper-parameters on subdivision values and mosaic data augmentation were also done in the YOLOv4-tiny model. The outcome demonstrates that YOLOv4 performs better than YOLOv4-tiny for object detection specifically for waste detection. The outcome shows that YOLOv4 performs better than YOLOv4-tiny for object detection, even if YOLOv4-tiny’s scores are higher in terms of computing speed. The best results from the YOLOv4 model reach mAP 91.25%, precision 0.91, recall 0.88, F1-score 0.89, and Average IoU 81.55%, while the best YOLOv4-tiny results are mAP 82.02%, precision 0.75, recall 0.76, F1-score 0.75, and Average IoU 63.59%. This research also proves that the models with smaller subdivision values and using a mosaic have optimal performance. 07 Aug, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-169.php Recurrent exposure of stored product insects to synthetic insecticides resulted in the development of resistance which occurs due to changes in insect metabolic enzymes. The inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate active fraction of Mitracarpus villosus, Bridelia micrantha, and Clerodendrum capitatum on antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes of stored product insects was investigated in this study. Sitophilus oryazae, Tribolium castaneum, and Rhizopertha dominica were exposed to 5 and 20 μl concentrations of ethyl acetate active fraction VI 50:50 derived from glass column chromatography in a fumigation chamber and were homogenized separately. The results showed that SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, and GST activities were dosage-time-dependent. Adult insects exposed to different dosages of C. capitatum active fractions significantly inhibited GST and GPx activities, and SOD, CAT, and GSH activities were induced in comparison to insects in control. While, M. villosus and B. micrantha extracts exhibited a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05) in SOD, CAT, and GSH in contrast to the inhibitory effects on GST and GPx. These results clearly show that stored beetles differ in their response to different enzymatic activities and that the evaluated plant materials may be used as an eco-friendly biopesticide in the IPM strategy for safeguarding stored food grains against stored produced insect pests. 14 Jun, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-168.php Laos ranked 8th in terms of total greenhouse gas emissions among ASEAN countries, with 17.9 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) emissions. The energy sector was responsible for the majority of emissions, accounting for about 50% or 8.9 MtCO2e, followed by the agriculture sector at around 35% or 6.3 MtCO2e, and other sectors at approximately 15% or 2.7 MtCO2e (The Global Carbon Atlas reported, 2018). This study investigates greenhouse gas emissions and environmental issues among industrial entrepreneurs in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Data was collected by using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were conducted with participants from 80 different plants in Vientiane Capital between January 25 and March 20, 2018. It identifies various environmental problems caused by industrial plants, emphasizing the need for specific pollution source mitigation and sustainable waste management. The study reveals significant impacts on health and living conditions, highlighting the urgency for proactive measures. Climate variations, alterations in seasons, and intensified storms are identified as major contributors to violence levels. Strategies proposed by entrepreneurs include accurate measurement methods, pollution treatment systems, improved power efficiency, renewable energy adoption, an environmental protection organization, and efficiency enhancements in logistics and transportation. The study emphasizes the role of government, plant owners, and the general population in addressing CO2 emissions through collective efforts. Overall, it provides valuable insights and calls for proactive measures, stakeholder engagement, and diverse strategies for sustainability in Vientiane Capital and Laos. 23 May, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-167.php The toxicity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and nevirapine-based drug at analytical concentrations was evaluated under laboratory conditions, using Allium cepa seeds as a model. The germination index of the negative control was 86.8 ± 2.1. The concentrations of 6.42 and 9.54 mg/L of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and 11.20 mg/L of the nevirapine-based drug showed a statistically higher germination index than the negative control. We found that the root growth of the negative control was 1.7 ± 0.6 mm and that the root growth was statistically lower than the negative control at concentrations of 9.54 and 17.73 mg/L of active pharmaceutical ingredient and 5.48, 11.20, and 17.68 mg/L of the drug. The mitotic index of negative control and methyl methanesulfonate were 7.4 ± 2.7 and 12.8 ± 4.5, respectively. At a concentration of 17.68 mg/L of the nevirapine-based drug, the mitotic index of 12.7 ± 2.7 was statistically higher than the negative control and like the methyl methanesulfonate, which indicated that nevirapine was cytotoxic at this concentration. At all concentrations tested the chromosome abnormality indices were statistically higher than negative control, suggesting that nevirapine was genotoxic. The mutagenicity index of the negative control was 0.2 ± 0.3. At concentrations of 6.42, 9.54, and 17.73 mg/L of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and 17.68 mg/L of the nevirapine-based drug, the mutagenicity index was statistically higher than the negative control, indicating that nevirapine was mutagenic for A. cespa at these concentrations. The chromosomal adhesion was the most frequent chromosomal aberration in the groups exposed to nevirapine, suggesting that it has an aneugenic effect on the A. cepa species. 18 Apr, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-166.php Economic impact is a stimulating effect on the economic condition of various regions. The paper describes the influence of the structure of the object on the choice of recreational activities, taking into account the sensitivity of the mountain structure to anthropogenic impact. Determined the value of the initial values of the applications of sociological research, which used to calculate the natural-territorial complexes - these are water bodies located on the territory with identified orographic structures, surrounded by forests, taking into account possible options for recreation. Evaluated of the assessment and comfort of the recreational area, based on the identification of psychophysiological characteristics, such as the sensation of noise, thermal effects of the environment. The development of recreation centers associated with the demand for recreationists, which also determined by the level of development and material base. Studies on the study of the Issyk-Kul region that the geographical characteristics of the territory (relief, water bodies, climate, etc.) have not only attractiveness, but inhibitory factors for rare types of recreational activities. 22 Feb, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-165.php Due to the atmospheric pollution loads that started with the industrial revolution and have increased exponentially in the process that has come to the present day, the natural components of the atmosphere have been damaged and changed. One of the negative return points of this human-made degradation in the natural order is acid rain. Acid rains harm people directly and/or indirectly. One of the indirect effects is the negative effects on the food chain. Acid rains affect agricultural products, however, they affect the products from the soil. As a result, agricultural fields and agricultural products are damaged. The decreasing resources (water, etc.) with global warming and climate change also increase the negative impact on agricultural products. In this study, the negative effects of acid rain on agricultural areas were investigated and it was aimed to put forward the measures to reduce these negative effects. 19 Jan, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-164.php The areas affected by mining operations are characterized by extremely complex environmental changes that affect all components of the natural complexes. In several cases, radical negative changes (transformations) take place, which cause the formation of the habitat, characterized by changes in characteristics of all components of the natural environment, including geological structure, soil cover, surface and groundwater and atmospheric air, respectively, flora and fauna. This generally leads to a sharp deterioration of ecological conditions, including living conditions of living organisms and human habitation, causing stressful situations, inconveniences, as well as characteristic diseases due to the influence of factors of excessive pollution of components of the natural environment. As one of the objects of the study, the impact zone of mining enterprises within the town of Sibai and its surroundings in the Republic of Bashkortostan was chosen. It is typical for the assessment of occurring changes and other industrial centers and districts located within the vast strip of the Southern Urals. It has been revealed that the greatest damage is inflicted on ecosystems of small rivers, which is caused by both direct and indirect entry of pollutants into them as a result of dissolution, leaching and entry from rock dumps, emissions into the atmosphere, and settling on the surface of soil and snow cover; direct discharge of wastewater into them, etc. It is shown that with the lingering impact of the regional response to global climate change, environmental problems are exacerbated. This calls for urgent measures to restore favorable environmental conditions and address a wide range of economic and social problems. 14 Jan, 2023 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-7-163.php The prospects of environmentally safe disinfection of urban sewerage using compositions of bactericidal complexes of copper with amino acids and iminodiacetate derivatives of mucopolysaccharides and triglycerides of fatty acids are shown. When they are dosed into wastewater, the complexes penetrate into the structure of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and mucus and within a few minutes bind the structural fragments of pathogens and larvae, which leads to their death with the outflow of cell fluid, the disappearance of fecal odor, cessation of putrification and coagulation of SPM. The complete disinfection is achieved at doses of complexes of 0.8 - 1.5 mmol per 1 kg of dry matter. The composition is dosed into sewage wells. Organo-mineral masses settle from disinfected wastewater. The use of compositions will reduce the negative impact of sewerage on the sanitary-epidemiological and ecological situation in settlements, increase the efficiency of existing treatment facilities and produce organo-mineral masses as commercial products. 27 Dec, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-162.php Patients with chronic diseases are especially vulnerable on hot days because high temperatures lead to exacerbation of a number of cardiovascular, neurological, autoimmune, and other chronic diseases. Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection has left tens of thousands of Bulgarians suffering from a new chronic disease: Post COVID-19 syndrome. The Bulgarian Cardiac Institute, in trend with innovations, has launched the first worldwide study to establish the relationship between high ambient temperatures and Post COVID-19 conditions. It covers 1310 citizens and was held during the hottest month in history - July 2021. Eight districts in Bulgaria are covered, and for each of them, we calculated a number of meteorological parameters and determined their influence on the persistent signs and symptoms. Shumen District is the district with the highest percentage of citizens with peristaltic complaints (86%) and the most pronounced in terms of severity. This is the area with the lowest average daily maximum temperature (28.44º), the highest average night minimum temperature (20.42º), and the lowest average temperature amplitude (8.02º) for July 2021. It is characteristic that the neurological symptoms (dizziness, headache, impaired concentration, and memory) are predominant at a lower temperature amplitude (Shumen district). Symptoms of the cardiovascular system &#40;shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, chest pain&#41; are more commonly reported at higher temperature amplitudes (Pleven district). The results of the study show that high values ​​of ambient temperatures affect Post COVID-19 conditions. The most unfavorable effect is exerted by the high average night minimum temperatures and the small temperature amplitude. Cardiovascular symptoms are particularly pronounced at large temperature amplitudes and neurological at small temperature amplitudes. Post-COVID-19 conditions are unpredictable and patient care continues during the hot months. 20 Dec, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-161.php From the intestinal microbiota of Colorado potato beetles and their larvae (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), as well as from their feed – potato leaves, 18 bacteria of different species exhibiting antimicrobial activity (56% of the total number of isolated strains) were isolated. The species of bacteria from all three sources of excretion are different. The following 12 species were described for the first time in the gut microbiota of L. decemlineata larvae and imago: Micromonospora phytophila, Neobacillus drentensis, Pseudomonas gessardii, P. poae, P. rhizosphaerae, Pantoea agglomerans, Streptomyces chartreusis, S. clavifer, S. microflavus, S. rishiriensis, S. badius, and S. coelicoflavus. Antimicrobial activity was not previously known for three species (Staphylococcus argenteus, S. camponoticapitis, S. clavifer). Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Leuconostoc mesenteroides, multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium smegmatis was revealed. The gut microbiota of Colorado potato beetles can be considered an encouraging source of antibiotic–producing strains that overcome drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria, as well components of biopesticides. 20 Dec, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-160.php In Africa, the need for energy is growing. When it comes to renewable energy resources in Africa zone, it is unequivocally needed. Many African countries are experiencing development therefore they are shifting to the use of renewable energy. In that view, this study aims to discover the potential impact of renewable energy consumption on inclusive growth in 20 African countries for a period covering 1997 To 2015. To tackle this estimation technique namely Pesaran’s (2007) [1] CD test, Pesaran’s (2015) [2] LM test and Breusch and Pagan’s (1980) [3] LM test, slope homogeneity test, Average Mean Group (AMG), Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) and pairwise granger were employed. Concentration on inclusive growth contributes greatly to the economy size and ensures employment opportunity creation for the society in a different segment, the result of the study indicates that renewable energy consumption significantly impacted inclusive growth in n the selected Africa Countries. Consequently, if countries like Africa prosper in switching to renewable energy, unbelievable gains could be captured in terms of inclusive growth. 09 Dec, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-159.php Groundwater is considered the only source of water in arid climate regions. Additionally, population growth is stressing the groundwater resources in the study area, especially in these regions leading to excess groundwater exploitation to meet the demands (domestic, and agricultural). Thus, the groundwater level may decline in the future causing a water scarcity problem. In order to overcome this problem, it is worth necessary to perform mitigation measures prior to raising the groundwater level by augmenting the groundwater in the hydrogeological system. Mitigation measures might be reducing the abstraction rate and installing new artificial recharge sites. To assess the potential of these measures, numerical modeling can be applied. Gaza strip aquifer was chosen as a case study due to the following reasons: arid aquifer, significantly stressed due to over-exploitation of groundwater. Different researchers have already proposed different management scenarios considering these mitigation measures, but most of them considered unreliable management scenarios to predict future groundwater. Some of them reduced the abstraction rate which will lead to the loss of agricultural lands. Whereas, the others increased the artificial recharge rate which is unfeasible to implement in the study area for the next 20 years. Hence, we applied numerical modeling in this article to predict the future groundwater level based on these mitigation measures taking into account reliable management scenarios according to the study area’s current situation . The results indicate that combining both reducing the abstraction rate and increasing the artificial recharge is so promising and they were compared with the latter obtained by the previous researchers. 29 Nov, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-158.php In Zing LGA of Taraba State, the study evaluated farmers’ perceptions of soil erosion and their soil conservation practices. To gather information for the study from the farmers and the farmland, field observation, informal interviews, and the use of research instruments including questionnaires and remotely sensed imageries were all used. These data were analyzed in a Windows and GIS context using SPSS 23. The results indicate that 68% of respondents are men, while 32% are women farmers, 71% of whom are married and 50% of them fall within the 41–50 age range. Additionally, 70% of farmers have large families with a size range of 9 to 12 individuals, and 86% of farmers are literate. High incomes are generated by the farmers. According to the study, 89.1% of farmers have farms on steep to mild slopes and do not see soil erosion as a specific issue on their property. However, because they believed that the loss of arable land was the primary consequence of soil erosion, they kept an eye out for physical indicators (such as soil color) on their farms. Geographically, soil erosion is more likely to occur in the eastern to the north-eastern portion of the Zing LGA. Terracing, shaping ridges, along contours, and mulching are soil conservation techniques that have been employed for a long time and are advised to be continue. 15 Nov, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-157.php Urban areas have a dual role in climate change· they are major contributors to climate change as they produce more than 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions and they also accept the impact of it. Urban trees have great value in urban ecosystems because of their role as carbon sinks, so they contribute to climate change mitigation. The aim of this paper is to collect data about the impact of climate change on forestry species in urban areas via the science of phenology. In recent years, via phenology, the observation and study of the effects of climate change are possible, as there appears to be a shift in the start of biological events, and also a change in their duration. These changes in the seasonal activity of plants, from time to time, are a sensitive but perfectly visible indicator of changes in the functioning of ecosystems. Phenology refers to the recording of dates in which different phases of the plant’s life cycle such as budburst, flowering, dormancy, and hibernation have been observed both in species and in plant communities. Temperature, solar radiation, and water availability are the three factors that affect plant phenology. To appreciate the impact of climate change on the phenological stages of forestry species, three Phenological Monitoring Areas (PMA) were created in three urban spaces in Thessaloniki, in December 2020, within the framework of the project LIFE CliVut (Climate Value of Urban Trees) LIFE18 GIC/IT/001217. Each PMA contains 20 species (10 species of trees and 10 species of shrubs), and 100 individuals (5 individuals per species). The monitoring of the phenological stages of the forestry species was carried out throughout a year on a weekly basis according to the protocol that was created in the frame of the project taking into consideration the BBCH scale. 18 Oct, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-156.php This study aims to examine the determinants of bushmeat consumption in urban areas in Laos. Men consume more bushmeat than women. Job, the government official was the major bushmeat consumer, but there was no proven by statistical approaches from this study we have done. The education of people who consume bushmeat has finished high school level. Ethnic, Lao Loum people have a negative impact on bushmeat consumption, but for Hmong or Lao Theung people, bushmeat is a long tradition of eating and being a major food source. In addition, believing in eating bushmeat can make people healthy is also valid. 15 Sep, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-155.php Purpose of the paper: This paper evaluated the effects of microbial and photodegradation on the ten grass species in a tropical grassland ecosystem in South Africa. Despite continuous necromass accumulation in tropical grasslands, the process that governs how the grass litter gets to the soil has often been ignored. In the absence of fire, abiotic factors and biotic factors are drivers of this process of nutrient cycling. Methods and approaches: A classical litterbag experiment was set up to simulate photodegradation (standing litter) versus microbial (soil surface) decomposition using 10 savanna types of grass from the start of the dry season until the beginning of spring. The rates of photodegradation versus microbial decomposition were compared for tropical savanna grasses and plant traits or predictors of decomposition were also investigated. Main results: The results showed that the grass litter decomposed more rapidly when exposed to the activity of soil microbes at the soil surface (k = 0.0028 ) than when held above ground (k = 0.0018) and subjected to photodegradation only. However, examination of the individual litter species revealed up to 4 fold variation between the slowest (0.0001) and fastest (0.006) decomposing species. Differences in decomposition rates were more pronounced for litter decomposed at the soil surface than held above the soil surface. Multiple linear regression analyses did not resolve clear differences between measures of litter quality as drivers of decomposition in the two treatments. Implications: Photodegradation appeared to be a rate-controlling step during the process of decomposition in tropical savanna grasslands. Therefore grasslands dominated by photodegradation-resistant grasses were likely to need fire to get rid of moribund litter, which may be the reason why mesic grasslands need to burn to recycle nutrients. 30 Aug, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-154.php In an effort to combat climate change there is a major rush to eliminate the use of fossil fuels. However, this must be done in an orderly process to avoid stressing an already overstressed planet. The push for electric cars and lithium batteries requires intensive mining to extract the heavy metals needed to meet increasing global demands. This is in addition to the already staggering increase in the worldwide usage of digital devices and electronics that require the same metals. Heavy metals such as nickel, chromium, iron, zinc, manganese and cobalt, at very low concentrations, are all essential to the growth and development of plants [1-3]. 19 Aug, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-153.php In the presented case, a typical example of CCHF is described, a patient who lives in an endemic territory and had risk factors for infection – cattle keeping and tick bite. The patient sought medical help in a timely mannert, but his diagnosis of CCHF was made late, due to underestimation of the risk factors for CCHF infection and non-use of the standard case definition. The correct diagnosis was made only after the appearance of the hemorrhagic syndrome. The appearance of bleeding in patients with CCHF presents a high risk of infection for others. But timely isolation and intensive treatment allowed for the prevention of infection of contact persons and save the patient’s life. 30 Jun, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-152.php Environmental conservation and waste management is a great challenge around the world. The realization of safe water, air, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for the world is a distant dream. Barring few developed countries, the rest of the world, and more importantly, the third-world countries are struggling hard to achieve safe WASH. India and China are no exceptions. Given the massive population of these two countries, open defecation issues, unscientific waste disposal practices, and poor health and hygiene infrastructure; achieving safe WASH remains a challenge. While science and technology for the conservation of the environment and waste management are advancing day by day, active participation of the executive and the public is insignificant at least in PMCRs. STEP minus E or/and P can’t solve the challenges of environmental conservation and waste management. Safe WASH demands enormous attention from science, technology, executive, and the public (STEP) coherently. 12 May, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-151.php Background: This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial and synergistic potential of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and bark of Petiveria alliacea against some tested bacterial and fungal isolates. Fresh and matured leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and bark of Petiveria alliacea were collected from the Institute of Agriculture, Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria. The specimens were identified at the Herbarium unit of the Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The pathogenic organisms used include bacteria namely, Providencia stuartii, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium Pyogenes, Streptococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Serratia rubidae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella pullorum; and fungi namely, Trychophyton tonsurans, Candidia albicans, Trychophyton rubrum, Penicillium expansium, Alternaria sp, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium camenberti. Methods: Pure isolates of the tested microorganisms were obtained from the department of microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The bacterial isolates were maintained on nutrient agar slant and the fungal isolates were on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Antimicrobial sensitivity test (AST) followed by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Minimal bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations were determined following established protocols. Results: Fungal isolates of Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansiumm, Trychophyton rubrum, and bacterial isolates Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella pullorum were all resistant to the plant extract. Findings from this study opined that ethanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves is more potent than the methanolic and aqueous extracts of Petiveria alliacea. Conclusion: The plant extracts showed greater antimicrobial activity against bacterial- with respect to fungal isolates suggesting a broader spectrum of activity with ethanolic extract on the gram-positive and the gram-negative bacteria. 05 Apr, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-150.php Environmental pollution with heavy metals is very harmful to the human body and other life forms, even in low concentrations, as there is no effective removal mechanism. Urban agriculture utilizes this contaminated land for the cultivation of vegetable crops to facilitate their food security and entry of toxic heavy metals into the food chain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of contaminated soil and water with heavy metals on the quality of vegetable crops at different growth ages. Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (MP-AES) was used to determine the concentration of these heavy metals. The concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, and Cr) in contaminated soil was found to be 39434.9±30.0, 3183.7±43.5, 222.0±10.2, 22.28±2.5, 0.057±0.00, 5.8±0.03, 72.72±0.01, 148.6±15 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the mean concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, and Cr in wastewater was found to be 5.2±0.5, 0.8±0.08, 0.72±0.01, 1.05±0.03, 0.01±0.00, 0.2±00, 0.72±0.01 and 0.14±0.02, respectively. The relative abundance of heavy metal in soil, water and vegetable samples were in the following order: Fe >Mn >Zn > Cr > Pb> Cu> Ni> Co, Fe > Cu > Mn >Zn =Pb> Ni > Cr > Co and Fe >Mn >Zn > Pb > Cu> Cr > Ni> Co, respectively, and the accumulation of heavy metals in three month growth. All lettuce, cabbage, and turnip vegetables grew faster than two months. Both two and three months of age, the accumulation of heavy metals in turnips > lettuce > cabbage. Most of the soil, water, and vegetable samples exceeded the permissible limit of heavy metals prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. 30 Mar, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-149.php The paper fundamentally explores the impact of Belgium’s stock market capitalization, international investment, clean energy on CO2 emissions from 1990-to 2018. More pertinently, our study analogizes the diverse impact of Belgium’s stock market capitalization, international investment, clean energy, and environmental quality. Through cointegration analysis, stock market capitalization, international investment, clean energy, and environmental quality have long-run links. Granger causality test indicates that International investment has a unidirectional relationship with environmental quality; clean energy has a bi-directional relationship with environmental quality. Via the static and dynamic regression, we found that stock market development has the most significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions in static and dynamic regression. Renewable energy has a positive impact on the carbon dioxide emissions per static, and dynamic regression and economic growth harm environmental quality in Belgium. The impulse response function results show that the Stock market and international investment positively respond to environmental quality. Our empirical findings provide policies to advocate improving environmental quality in Belgium. 17 Mar, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-148.php Subway lines are responsible for 20% of the total passenger traffic in Tehran. Particulate matter is one of the most important major pollutants in subway stations and increasing their concentration leads to numerous health consequences for passengers and subway employees. This study aims to investigate the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in four underground metro stations and compare them with the concentration of these particles in the open air. Seasonal sampling (April 2018 - April 2019) of particulate matters was conducted in the middle months of all four seasons for one week in the middle months of each season at peak traffic times from 8am to 12am, at three locations (entrance, middle, and exit in each station) and also at outside ambient of each station. The results are then compared with the relevant standards. The main sources of suspended particulate matter in the underground subway stations were due to passenger traffic, train piston pressure, floor cleaning, maintenance operations, wheel-rail wear and braking, and the performance of the ventilation system in the subway station. The results of the monitoring measurements in this study showed that the annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the four underground subway stations were 68 μg/m3 and 47 μg/m3 and in the outdoor ambient around these stations were 42 and 29 μg/m3, respectively. Also, this study showed that in the four underground subway stations, the annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were 1.5-1.7 times higher than those in the outdoor ambient, respectively. 12 Mar, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-147.php Aims: The livestock production system contributes to global climate change directly through the production of methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation, CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) from manure management. Enteric CH4 emission from livestock is the major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from livestock in Ethiopia. National inventory and reporting of enteric CH4 emission in cattle species in Ethiopia are based on default emission factor (tier 1 methodology) developed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These enteric CH4 emissions are influenced by different factors such as livestock feed characteristics, livestock management, and livestock production and productivity. Hence, its estimation requires accurate data specific to the condition of the livestock production system in the country. The objective of this study was to estimate enteric CH4 emission from cattle species in Ethiopia. Methodology: Enteric CH4 emission was estimated using IPCC tier 2 methods using input data collected through survey and literature data on livestock and feed characteristics in Ethiopia. Results: Results indicated that enteric CH4 emission factors among indigenous cattle were 30.27, 18.52, 31.55, 29.82, 32.48, and 12.60 kg per head per year for matured females >2 years old, females 1-2 years, bullocks/oxen, breeding bulls >2 years old, males 1-2 years and calves <1>2 years, females 1-2 years, matured males >2 years, males 1-2 years and calves &lt;1 year’s age, respectively. The weighted average CH4 emission factor for indigenous cattle and crossbred dairy cattle were 26 and 30.71kg/head/year, respectively. Conclusion: Enteric CH4 emission factors for nondairy indigenous and crossbred cattle using IPCC tier 2 methodology were lower when compared to IPCC tier 1 estimate. Our study recommends IPCC tier 2 methodology, for national enteric CH4 emission inventory and reporting for cattle species in Ethiopia. The present study was based on limited survey and published data, uncertainties may have presented with, some of production and performance data. Further research is required to estimate enteric CH4 emission using more detailed cattle production and feed characterization data. 06 Jan, 2022 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-6-146.php We are on a planet that orbits the Sun which emits a huge amount of energy. The climate we experience is a result of an energy gradient across Earth and an imbalance in energy across the world due to axial tilt of Earth rotation. 04 Aug, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-145.php Today, using plastic tools and materials to meet executive and design needs is considered an integral part of industries such as the construction industry. Among these materials, PVC pipes in equipment and installations or UPVC windows could be mentioned. The missing link in the widespread use and utilization of this material is in the lack of attention to emissions from production and during waste management of the process. This study focuses on library studies to delineate the LCA cycle of air pollution in waste generation and management. At the end of the study, using the ANN artificial neural network method and the tested data, a logical relationship was found between the toxicity effect (TEQ) and the produced PCDD/F dioxins based on Gaussian and exponential models. The results of the obtained models have the ability to predict the toxicity effect with 60% - 70% accuracy. 04 Aug, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-144.php Solar heating and cooling, concentrating solar power and photovoltaic are three solar technologies which harness solar energy. Photovoltaic Technology (PV) is directly converting sunlight into electricity and it is very convenient to use. In addition, these devices are simple in design and easy to handle. The efficiency of energy production this way is great. In order to obtain constant/continuous energy for consumption, the PV system can be a part of the so-called hybrid system. In the hybrid system, the PV system is combined with other renewable or non-renewable energy sources. However, there are certain problems in the use of solar energy, such as: cost, maintenance of the entire system and the impact of maintenance on the ecosystem, as well as the development of consumer awareness. Today, the world is forced to solve these problems in order to be able to save the planet from further deterioration of the ecosystem. 04 Aug, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-143.php Today, smart city approaches are considered as a key to solving the problems facing metropolises. However, using this approach, the costs of investment, operation, and maintenance of infrastructure in cities will be significantly reduced. In this study, a system for intelligent temperature control of urban equipment (electrical panels) and fire prevention based on a combination of concept models and programming of AVR microcontroller was designed. Then, the data obtained from the sensors (installed in the aerial panel of one of the streets of Mashhad) were analyzed by the SPSS software model. The results of the analyzes showed that the highest accumulation of data was at temperatures below 30°C and statistically, the normal distribution was skewed to the right. The temperature data received from the sensors for phases one, two, and three have a median of 26, 29 and 29°C, respectively, which indicates; Temperatures of 75 to 81°C are selected correctly as warning values. Considering the results of this study, it became clear that the present system can be very effective in monitoring, controlling, and monitoring the health of urban electrical panels. 20 Jul, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-142.php Environmental and health organizations believe that water entering the water distribution network should always have a certain amount of free chlorine remaining (at least 0.6 mg/L according to standard 1053). The founding philosophy of this standard is based more on the possibility of re-contamination in the water network. Experience in the operation of urban water distribution networks shows that various factors can lead to microbial growth and contamination in treated water. These parameters include the presence of biofilms in parts of pipes, the entry of external contaminants (microorganisms active in the soil) due to the phenomenon of leakage, the entry of air pollution in open tanks and the transfer of pathogens intentionally or Unintentionally pointed out. However, factors such as the reaction of chlorine with the wall of the distribution system pipe or the reaction with the matrix of materials in the water lead to a decrease in the concentration of free chlorine remaining throughout the network. Meanwhile, chlorine mass decay is a function of the materials in the water and the water temperature in the network. Therefore, this study intends to evaluate the effect of temperature changes on the residual chlorine concentration of the network using qualitative-hydraulic modeling and simulations. Studies have shown that in different time series, the remaining free chlorine changes up to 32% in different months of the year. 28 Jun, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-141.php The collection is one of the most important steps in waste management, accounting for 60% of total costs. Therefore, a little improvement in collection operations can have a significant impact on total cost savings. On the other hand, the traffic of heavy vehicles collecting waste causes the air pollution spread and the passages pavement damage in case of excessive loading. Therefore, the issue of vehicle route determining to achieve this goal is very important. This study simulated the routing process of garbage trucks using random routing problems and genetic algorithms. The simulation results showed that the genetic algorithm converges to the optimal response in the 2069th generation and according to the convergence graph, in the 1000th generation onwards, the slope of the graph decreases. On the other hand, the amount of cost function is reduced from 11775.4909 to 1589.6028 by optimizing mentioned model, and the performance result has led to the emergence of the shortest possible path. With the help of the algorithm, all the management parameters of sustainable development, including reducing air pollution, reducing street pavement destruction, and energy (fuel) consumption are achieved. Finally, by integrating ArcGIS software, the output of the algorithm was matched to the map. 28 Jun, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-140.php Today, optimization and management of energy consumption are considered as one of the main necessities of operating various buildings. Given the decline in production sources of primary energy as well as the produced contaminations due to their consumption, attention toward such matter has doubled. One of the operational solutions to controlling energy consumption is to employ and utilize simulation approaches. In this study, a sports building complex including three separate halls in Mashhad was simulated using the Design-Builder model. The results of thermal simulations showed that parameters such as walls, glasses, and the roof involve almost the same amount of energy loss. Meanwhile, the energy loss due to external infiltration exchanges of the building leads to the highest extent of energy loss, with a rate of 66.28 KBTU/h. Furthermore, at the end of the study, the relationship between the production of carbon dioxide contaminant and the electrical energy consumption for cooling was indicated and examined. Moreover, assessment and zoning were carried out on how optical distribution resulted from solar radiation takes place in the sports building. 28 Jun, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-139.php Due to the development of the construction industry and the rapid growth of the construction industry, the consequences of the boundless human interventions in nature and the environment gradually became apparent. In line with these efforts, the concept of sustainable development was considered by the World Commission on Environment and Development, which means meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the next generation to meet their needs. The present study intends to evaluate water consumption in the production and implementation of three types of high-consumption and competing blocks containing Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), Non-Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (NAAC), Cellular Light Weight Concrete (CLC) in the Iranian construction industry. Case studies were conducted on well-known factories approved by Standard Company in Mashhad, water consumption in the mentioned blocks was evaluated and compared during the production and implementation process. At the end of the study, the measured values were used as raw data for multi-criteria decision analysis of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité (ELECTRE). The comparisons showed that the highest amount of water consumption belongs to the AAC block, and the lowest amount belongs to the CLC block. This conclusion indicates that the production of CLC block in terms of planning to conserve water resources is most in line with sustainable development policies. 26 Jun, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-138.php Air pollution is one of the most important problems of urban life. Since a large proportion of airborne pollutants originate from industry, it is important to address emission removal systems. One of the growing industries is the production of aluminum, which requires attention and planning since emits dangerous pollutants such as particulate matter, SO2, NOx, dioxins, furans, mercury chloride, and fluorine compounds. The present study investigates the production life cycle of this metal and analyzes the production of gaseous pollutants and particles in different production units. Large amount of pollution is produced in the alumina production and the aluminum electrolysis units, which in the best case, for the production of one ton of final aluminum, Emit 1.07, 4.73, and 1.32 kg of particulate pollutants, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide respectively. In the next step, in the search of the optimal system for controlling particulate pollutants, SO2, NOx caused by aluminum production, by reviewing the research background and related articles and books, ranked these systems using ELECTRE, TOPSIS and SAW methods. Sedimentation chamber, internal separators, cyclones, fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, and wet collectors in particle removal and condensation, absorption, adsorption, incineration, and wet washing in SO2 and NOx removal were reviewed and compared. The results show the superiority of cyclones in particle removal, wet washing system for removing SO2, and adsorption for removing NOX. 08 Jun, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-137.php The existence of leakage in the urban water supply network can be considered one of the main challenges in the country’s water industry. The purpose of this study is a comparative comparison of water leakage management patterns in Tokyo and Tehran. In this study, the existing documents in the field of water leakage management in both cities were collected, classified, and evaluated. A comparison at the level of preventive measures showed that the city of Tokyo has a conceptual model (with an effective water ratio of more than 98%) with «corrective» subdivisions including old network management and providing solutions for maintenance and repair of the current network and also subdivisions including «technology development» and «education.» However, in Tehran, due to financial constraints, the preventive approach (PM11) is entirely passive, and emergency maintenance (EM2) units usually enter into operation after the incident. Operational comparisons showed that the Tokyo Water Leakage Control System consists of two main parts: “continuous monitoring” and “measures commensurate with the type of challenge” and is based on strategic policies. In Tehran, the movement towards using new technologies to control leakage in urban water supply networks has been significant; However, these measures are not based on a plan and have created unbalanced growth in this regard. 08 Jun, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-136.php With the growth of industrialization and urbanization in megacities, some emerging disasters occur such as air pollution mortality, increasing cancer risks, decreasing life expectancy, descending prosperity, and Human Development Indexes (HDI). In addition, with the raising population of cities, the quantity and quality of air pollutions are increased based on vehicle application rate, industrial activities, agricultural efforts and etc. In this research, with the application of Dose-Response Functions in air pollution, some parameters such as chronic disease-based mortality, life expectancy reduction based on chronic and acute effects, and ozone gas health risks are computed in a case study of Mashhad city, Iran. The outcomes have illustrated the life expectancy is reduced in a case study around 8.22 and 8.51 years for men and women, respectively. Plus, the results of statistical health scrutinizing have demonstrated that the mortality of chronic effects based on air pollution emissions is calculated around 20 percentages in the case study. Likewise, with the application of two different methods in Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) containing Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and ELimination Et Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE) the responsibility of each pollution is determined. As per the mentioned computations, Particle Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has the most role in increasing the health risk of air pollution in Mashhad City, Iran. 08 Jun, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-135.php Industrial wastewater treatment is of high priority due to the presence of an extraordinary concentration of dangerous pollutants. Similar to urban wastewater treatment plants, there are plenty of options while designing industrial ones which need various analyses and researches to choose correctly. One of the most efficient ways to solve this problem is to implement Economic and Sensitivity Analysis. This research has studied designing an industrial wastewater treatment plant utilizing three different biological treatment methods (including Sequential Batch Reactors (SBR), plug-flow activated sludge with a secondary clarifier, and step aeration activated sludge with a secondary clarifier). It also measures the sensitivity of performance cost parameters to factors affecting the suspended growth unit. The results of the economic analysis showed that using SBR has the highest construction cost of $ 70,200,000 and the highest total cost of 96,900,000. Sensitivity analysis showed that by adjusting design retention time and variance between heterotrophic microorganism decay rate and the reality, using activated carbon-based systems could significantly reduce total annual costs. 05 May, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-134.php The quality of water resources is one of the main subjects in ensuring public health. Therefore, monitoring water resources, especially surface waters, is one of the leading water operational management systems’ requirements. Since the quality of surface waters is affected by natural factors and pollutants from human activity, monitoring water resources’ quality leads to collecting and extracting valuable data, which needs a suitable method for interpretation and analysis. Therefore, this research assessing the annual quality of Kardeh Dam (One of the surface water sources of Mashhad) based on IRWQISC and NSFWQI qualitative index. The results showed that the Kardeh Dam quality index in spring, summer, autumn, and winter is 55.43, 49.25, 57.61, and 60.9, respectively, indicating relatively good, average, relatively good, and relatively good quality conditions, respectively. Also, according to NSFWQI analysis, the quality index was calculated for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively equal to 86.4 (good), 81.28 (good), 84.48 (good), and 96.64 (excellent). Comparisons showed that IRWQISC was more rigorous than NSFWQI in judging the water quality of the Kardeh Dam. Comparisons indicate that the dam’s water quality judgment with the IRWQISC model is far more stringent than the NSFWQI model. 29 Apr, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-133.php Water assets are turning into an incredible issue everywhere in the world, there are numerous reasons the natural issues are one of the significant causes. Pakistan isn’t liberated from a similar danger of diminishing water assets on the surface and subsurface. The regular purposes behind precipitation like a downpour and icy mass dissolving are two primary sources that can add the surface and underground water. 26 Apr, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-132.php Ever since the industrial revolution, air got significantly polluted by the industry. Air pollution is even more concentrated in cities that have an industrial zone. Especially in these zones, the presence of Sulfur-dioxide (SO2) and suspended Particles (PM) in the air is very high. Prolonged exposure to SO2 and PM can cause cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders in humans. The aim of this paper was to a review available literature on air pollution by sulfur dioxide and suspended particles in the air region of Bor Copper complex, as well as to determine whether the investigated results are contradictory. Studies from prior years (2004-2015), as well as 2019, indicate rise of SO2 and PM air pollutants in the atmosphere in the region of the copper smelter of the Bor Complex in Serbia, which can cause serious consequences for human well-being. However, the results of research by different authors for the same years are not in agreement, with that said, a review of the literature indicates significant differences. In addition, no continuous research on any air pollutants has been done for several consecutive years. This can be an interesting question for the scientific public in Serbia. Review of available literature indicates that in Serbia, solving this problem must be taken more seriously. 08 Apr, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-131.php Conventional agriculture is the greatest enemy of healthy soil; it wasn’t designed for the betterment of the soil, but rather for the rapid economic growth. If we want to improve soil quality and with that our life quality, we should turn our field of interest to the application of so-called conservation agriculture, which belongs to the principles of sustainable nature. Conservation agriculture is based upon three principles: minimum tillage and soil disturbance, permanent soil cover with crop residues and live mulches, and intercropping. Minimum tillage minimizes soil organic matter losses and leads to increase soil carbon and nitrogen stocks. One percent increase in organic matter can capture 10 times more tons of carbon dioxide. In this way, the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is significantly reduced. In addition, to maintain healthy soil system, there shouldn’t be any bare soil left. Permanently covered soil leads to many advantages: Maintaining water capacity in soil which stops drying of soil (water is constantly being absorbed by crop), it reduces erosion and soil compaction, manages nutrients, controls weeds and increases yields. Additionally, intercropping is a way to create ecological balance, increase diversity in an agricultural ecosystem, increasing the quantity and quality of crops and reduce yield damage to pests, diseases and weeds. Conservation agriculture gives us the opportunity how to use natural resources more efficiently with the minimal impact on the environment. 07 Apr, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-130.php Nowadays, water supplies face critical conditions in terms of quality and quantity. Furthermore, growth in population along with their needs require an increasing level of water-related resources. Consequently, the potential application of purified wastewater supplies can be considered in agriculture, industry, and irrigation of green spaces. Hence the necessity of disinfection and reduction of microbial load in the outlet sewage of water treatment plants are so clear for all designers and operators. Chlorine contact reactors are one of the major pillars of any wastewater treatment plant, whether urban or industrial. A new method is presented in this study based on the optimization of the dispersion amount in a Chlorine Contact Plug Flow Reactor (CCPFR) using single-objective Genetic Algorithm (GA) and nonlinear condition functions, Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SAA) and Pattern Search Algorithm (PSA). Then, it is attempted to assess the hydraulic behavior of the reactor and the microbial load removal performance using statistical, probabilistic and experimental practices. This research was done in a case study of Mashhad city’s wastewater treatment plant. The results of presented study illustrate that GA model has the best outcomes for designing CCPFR and the desired reactor with a depth of 2.45m, width of 1.23m, length of 24.8m, a number of 15 channels, and a retention time of 87 minutes is able to reduce a population of 300000 microorganisms (MPN/100 ml) at the entry to 274 (MPN/100 ml) at the exit. As per this method, investment cost of CCPFR is reduced around 30 percentages in comparison of traditional computation system. 16 Mar, 2021 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-5-129.php The State of Jalisco has high levels of vulnerability to climate change, so it is necessary to identify the areas that present the highest risk. At present, it is important to have information to design and implement measures that reduce the effects of climate change on water resources. In Jalisco, the “Altos de Jalisco” and North regions are very vulnerable as they show a current and future water deficit. The objective of this study is to expose the conditions of vulnerability of water resources in the “Altos de Jalisco”, an area of great economic importance for Jalisco and Mexico. The intention is to show the climatic conditions, the changes experienced by climate change through R-Climdex indicators and projections of future scenarios of temperature, humidity and precipitation using PRECIS, to finally expose the vulnerability of the water resource in the region. The results show conditions that coincide with the IPCC reports regarding global estimates of water availability; by the middle of this century, a 10-30% decrease in fresh water is estimated in the dry tropical areas (Mexico and Jalisco) that are already suffering from water stress. It is likely that as the century progresses, an increase in temperature and decrease in relative humidity and intensity of rainfall, and the consequent increase in the extent of areas affected by drought. Likewise, a decrease in water reserves is expected, which would reduce the availability of water in the region as we approach the end of the century. 30 Dec, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-128.php Agriculture uses big quantities of chemical pesticides nowadays. In the same way to their beneficial effects for the cultures, the pesticides express their ominous effects quietly on health and environmental. This work appears in a perspective of alternative research of treatments phytosanitary respectful of the environment in the control of the cultures. The general objective of this work is to propose some measures to reduce the use of the chemical inputs by the production and the assessment of the biopesticides from tobacco. They are produced by steepings, decoction and brewing. And their efficiency reveals that the excerpts possess the insecticide weeding effects and fungicides according to their concentration at the time of the application. 04 Aug, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-127.php Because of the current situation regarding the Covid-19 pandemic in more than 200 countries and territories, an early discussion is proposed on the use of chlorine-based disinfectants as an important precautionary measure to disinfect the surfaces and kill the Covid-19. However, the excessive use of chlorine-based disinfectants will surely make the highest residual concentrations in the water, soil, and other environmental components by various means such as surface runoff and leaching, etc. Crossing the permissible limits in water and soil system and in other environmental components will pose risks to human health in the form of skin, eyes, cancer, and other associated diseases. Similarly, it may also decline the agricultural production by excessive salt (Cl-) accumulations (salinization) and will also threaten the aquatic and wild ecosystems. Therein, the ecological integrity assessments regarding the use of chlorine-based disinfectants in the current situation are very much important. Meanwhile, this will open a new area of interest for the researcher and would be of great importance to investigate its critical levels in the environmental components and its potentially toxic effects. Because of the current situation regarding the Covid-19 pandemic in more than 200 countries and territories, an early discussion is proposed on the use of chlorine-based disinfectants as an important precautionary measure to disinfect the surfaces and kill the Covid-19. However, the excessive use of chlorine-based disinfectants will surely make the highest residual concentrations in the water, soil, and other environmental components by various means such as surface runoff and leaching, etc. Crossing the permissible limits in water and soil system and in other environmental components will pose risks to human health in the form of skin, eyes, cancer, and other associated diseases. Similarly, it may also decline the agricultural production by excessive salt (Cl-) accumulations (salinization) and will also threaten the aquatic and wild ecosystems. Therein, the ecological integrity assessments regarding the use of chlorine-based disinfectants in the current situation are very much important. Meanwhile, this will open a new area of interest for the researcher and would be of great importance to investigate its critical levels in the environmental components and its potentially toxic effects. 25 Jul, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-126.php The effect of trophic exposure to Octocrylene (OC) on aerobic metabolism of clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris was investigated. There were no significant differences in Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR), Active Metabolic Rate (AMR) or aerobic metabolic scope (AS) at the concentration of 10 µg/g of octocrylene in diet of juvenile’s clownfish whatever the time of exposure. This suggests that under these experimental conditions, exposure to OC in food at a concentration of 10 µg/g did not influence aerobic metabolism of this species. 11 Jul, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-125.php Many homemade methods are recommended for the control of fire ants, but the choice of a control method for this ants in the urban environment is necessary in view of the damage they have caused to the environment and human health. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the efficiency of chemical (liquid insecticide and granular insecticide) and homemade (hot water and detergent water) methods used to control these ants in urban gardens. The study was conducted in the city of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. The treatments were applied only once on Solenopsis saevissima colonies: (T1) Hot water, (T2) Water with detergente, (T3) Liquid insecticide and (T4) Granular inseticide. To determine the amount of applied product in T1, T2 and T3 treatments, colonies were selected by linear size and for treatment T4, colonies were classified by volume. the colonies were monitored monthly for four consecutive months (July to October) to evaluate the effectiveness of the control method employed. The treatments presented distinct performances in fire ants control in urban area, being the liquid insecticide the most efficient in eliminating the colonies. With this study we were able to evaluate the impacts caused by each treatment, as well as the pros and cons of using each one of them, and finally, we suggest an efficient fire ants control method with lower cost per colony and less impact on the environment. 17 Jun, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-124.php Molybdenum importance for appropriate plant functioning and growth is inconsistent by the most of the plants in respect to the total quantity that is obligatory for them. 06 Jun, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-123.php The applications nano-metal oxides (NMOs) are used in very common in industrial and consumer products because of the advantages of nanotechnology. The use of these NMOs cause the release of NMOs throughout the life cycle of nanoproducts to air, soil, water, and sediments. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles to organisms is limited. To determine the toxicological effects of nano-HfO2 and nano-SiO2; on the anaerobic methane Archaea from bacteria and to Candida albicans from yeast, some toxicity analyses were performed to detect the EC50 values (nanoparticle concentration inhibiting 50 % of the organisms). These values were calculated from the inhibitions of NMOs versus exposure time (24, 48 hours and 28 days). Anaerobic methane Archaea bacteria are very sensitive to nano-SiO2. While the inhibiton rate is 100 % for nano-SiO2, nano-HfO2 is less toxic to anaerobic bacteria because of the 13.97 % inhibiton rate after 48 h. Compare to nano-HfO2, the EC50 value of nano-SiO2 were low and showed high toxicity towards to C.albicans (24 h EC50=119.68 mg/L; 48 h EC50=98.06 mg/L). From the 28 days biodegradabilty tests of NMOs, it was found that the percantage of removal efficiencies are 11.2 % and 55.9 for 100 mg/L nano-HfO2 and nano-SiO2, respectively after 28 days. 04 Jun, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-122.php The article explores how urban areas are widely affecting the environment with special reference to the developing countries. Urbanization as the outcome of population growth in rural areas, decline of agricultural productivity and migration is creating more economic activities and dynamics in towns and cities leading to environmental issues and challenges. It is well observed in terms of transportation, solid waste, air, water, shortage of green space etc. in urban areas. In that, different age groups including children and the elderly people are badly affected. While urbanization affects society, urban inhabitants are constantly increasing due to improved transportation, more social network accessibility, higher literacy rate of young population, higher socio-economic expectations, change in lifestyles etc. However, density of population in cities has widely and negatively culminated in urban environmental catastrophes; some phenomenon which will affect next generations as well. 27 May, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-121.php Cabbage from 3 major markets (Abinchi, Bantama and Sofoline) in Kumasi were screened for organochlorine, organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticide residues. Ninety cabbage heads - 30 from each market – were randomly sampled and analysed at the Pesticide Residues Laboratories of the Ghana Standards Authority, Accra. The analysis was carried out using Multiple Reaction Monitoring by Gas Chromatography-Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector (GC-PFPD), Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method to detect residues. The limit of detection (LOD) of organochlorine was set at 0.005 mg/kg and that of organophosphate and pyrethroid was set at 0.01 mg/kg. We observed that no organochlorine was present in any of the samples. Only Diazinon was present in the samples from Abinchi and Bantama but at a level (0.003 ± 0.006 mg/kg) below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.01 mg/kg for cabbage. However, there was a multi-residue contamination in samples from the Sofoline market with Diazinon (0.057 ± 0.098 mg/kg), Cypermethrin (0.007 ± 0.012 mg/kg), Fenvalerate (0.010 ± 0.017 mg/kg) and Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.003 ± 0.006 mg/kg). With these, only the Diazinon was found to exceed its established MRL (0.01 mg/kg) and so is more likely to pose danger to consumers health. 22 Apr, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-120.php The paper suggests methods and means for solving problems of determining contamination by radioactive waste, appearing as precipitation when moving radioactive particles in the atmosphere. The model for predicting and evaluating radioactive fallout is developed. Meteorological conditions determine the conditions for turbulent diffusion of pollution on a regional and global scale. 04 Apr, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-119.php The atmospheric pollution associated with the volcano Copahue activity was evaluated by analyzing the concentration of 33 elements including heavy metals in lichens. Fruticose thalli were collected between 7 and 18 km from the volcano crater, comprising a geothermal zone. Analytical data and geographic parameters were evaluated by Principal Component Analysis. Enrichment Factors was also calculated from elemental concentrations in the lichens. The Principal Components Analysis grouped the observations corresponding to the lichen samples in relation to the volcano crater distance, the thermal areas and the direction of the prevailing winds. The less impacted area by volcanic products presented a lower concentration of toxic elements (S and Hg) and a higher concentration of biological elements (Ca, K, Mg and Mn) than the other areas. All studied sites showed S and Se enrichments, even in the most distant areas from the volcano crater. The S concentrations in lichen recorded in areas of volcanic activity were higher for the volcanic complexes: Copahue-Caviahue and Puyehue-Cordón-Caulle (2800-12000 µg/g) than those reported for the rest of the world (600-2800 µg/g). 23 Jan, 2020 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-4-118.php The concentrations of Fe and Ni were analyzed in the water spinach Ipomoea aquatica collected from 11 sampling sites (Ara Kuda (2016), Setiawan (2016), Sikamat (2013-2018) and 8 sites in Sepang area (2005-2006)) from Peninsular Malaysia. The range of Fe (mg/kg dw) in the plant samples was 155-775(15.5-77.5mg/kg ww) while the range of Ni(mg/kg dw) was 1.71-20.3(0.17-2.03 mg/kg ww). In assessing the human health risk, the target hazard quotient values for Fe and Ni in Malaysian adults are &lt;1.00. The current results showed no non-carcinogenic risks of Fe and Ni through the consumption of I. aquatica from the 11 sites. Considering the fact that most of the samples were collected from the wild and grown in the uncontrolled drainages, the heavy metal concentrations should be closely monitored in these vegetables. 14 Feb, 2019 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-3-117.php Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless gas that can cause cellular damage in exposed hosts depending on the levels inhaled. There is an increase in idiopathic diseases without a known cause. In Nigeria, this has led to a call for profiling of CO, a gas routinely inhaled by its population. This study was designed to assess the effect of chronic CO inhalation on vitreous and serum cardiorenal biochemical parameters. A total of twenty rabbits were divided into four groups. With the exception of control rabbits (air only), others were exposed daily to 200 ppm CO for 30 min for 10, 20, or 30 days. Five (5) rabbits constituted each of the four groups. At the 30 minutes after the final exposure, rabbits were euthanized mechanically and their vitreous humor and cardiac blood extracted using standard procedures. Serum and vitreous humor extracted were analyzed using ion selective electrode and enzymatic methods. 26 Oct, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-116.php This study consists essentially of a review of the available literature sources concerned about environmental communication aspect and its context in Moroccan enterprises. Firstly, the progress and effort made to anchor environmental communication and sustainable development principles are presented despite difficulties encountered to meet this challenge. 30 Jun, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-115.php Background: The impact of environmental air pollutants on the outcome of an emergency hospitalisation of respiratory patients has received limited study. We report on how levels of pollutants, particulate matter levels (PM10) and oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) infl uence hospital outcomes (30-day inhospital mortality). 29 May, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-114.php Organophosphate compounds result in numerous toxicities because of their widespread usage and easy accessibility especially in the developing world’s agricultural communities. PON1 activity towards OPCs shows inter individual variations. Isoforms of the enzyme differing in their PON1 activity result from amino acid substitutions at positions 192 which is glutamine (Q) to arginine (R) and at 55 which is leucine (L) to methionine (M) thus rendering the identifi cation of individuals’ PON1 all enzymes of value in treatment of patients suffering from OP intoxication The aim of this work is to study the infl uence of genetic variation of PON1 gene on paraoxonase enzyme activity in cases of acute organ phosphorus compounds poisoning. 17 Apr, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-113.php Nanoparticles are becoming popular from their use in medicine for therapy, diagnostics and imaging, in pharmacy for drug delivery, to its use in electronics, engineering and manufacturing industries. 07 Apr, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-112.php An investigation on the removal of 17-a-Ethinyl Estradiol (EE2) from aqueous solutions using Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) beads has been carried out under closed conditions. 18 Mar, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-111.php Among all the halides, Fluoride (F) caused most severe adverse effects on plants through air, soil, and water, exposure. 30 Jan, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-110.php Objectives: We determined the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, bronchial asthma and obstructive lung disease among selected tannery workers. 21 Jan, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-109.php In recent scenario, fl uorosis is now going to be a severe problem throughout the globe due to toxic effects of fl uoride (F) on both plants and animals. F presents in the halogenated group of the periodic table and has the characteristics of electronegativity. Natural geological sources and increased industrialization have contributed greatly to the increasing incidence of fl uoride-induced human and animal health issues. In animals and human beings, it exerts adverse effects mainly through the attenuation of antioxidant defense mechanism and chelation of enzymatic cofactors. Thereafter, it causes metabolic disorders through interacting with various cellular processes such as gene expression, cell cycle, metabolism, ion transport, hormonal secretion, endocytosis, apoptosis, necrosis, and oxidative stress. 20 Jan, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-108.php Firefighters may be exposed to a wide variety of toxic chemicals in their line of work, including volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated fl ame retardants (BFRs), metals, and various combustion by-products [1-4]. Such exposures can occur through inhalation and skin contact, although advances in personal protection (e.g. clothing and breathing apparatus) have apparently reduced such risks in recent years. 18 Jan, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-107.php Physico-chemical properties and minerals status is an important decisive factor for assessment of drinking water quality. There are limited literatures on this aspect for drinking water quality of high altitude areas; therefore, the present investigation was carried out to evaluate different physico-chemical parameters and some essential minerals status in different drinking water sources. 03 Jan, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-106.php Dioxins/furans and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are lipophilic and toxic in the environment. These contaminants are found in some soils, sediments, feed and food, especially dairy products, meat, fish and shellfish. 03 Jan, 2017 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-2-105.php Background and aim: Fishing and fish farming sectors currently face major challenges related to the lack of knowledge of data on the physico-chemical quality of water bodies from Lubilanji River. This investigation intended to determine the physico-chemical parameters of Lubilanji River. 26 Jan, 2016 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-1-104.php Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem. The extent of vitamin D deficiency varies with latitude, season and sun exposure. Also the degree to which the body of religious or cultural reasons is covered, the skin color and, not least, dietary habits and the use of supplements has an impact on the vitamin D status. Women are more prone to develop vitamin D deficiency than men. 07 Jan, 2016 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-1-103.php Drugs in wastewater arise from direct disposal by healthcare facilities among many other sources. We report the wasting of antibiotics (Ab) dispensed at 2 hospitals in Albany, NY during a 2 year period. We consider drug metabolism, excretion, disposal and toxicity to aquatic organisms in strategies for reducing antibiotic waste and impacts on bacterial resistance. 05 Jan, 2016 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-1-102.php Short- and long-term oral exposures to boric acid or borax demonstrated boron toxicity in reproductive system. European Union standard of boron in drinking water has a maximum allowable concentration of 1 mg/L, but in Sicily (south Italy) there are often higher concentrations. 05 Jan, 2016 https://www.agriscigroup.us/articles/AEST-1-101.php Background and Aim: Niger delta environment has been exposed to organic and inorganic contaminants from industries and domestic wastes, thereby enhancing the capacity of the ecosystem into harboring a sizeable population of microorganisms